Design thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Configuration thinking - Essay Example Much the same as critical thinking, structure is a pervasive and regular human movement. The start of the plan procedure is the place disappointment and requirements with the current state added with assurance that a move must be made to take care of a specific issue. Researcher from the dissipated pieces of the world goes about as planners in their vocations not realizing that they are taking an interest in the structure procedure (Frisendal, 2012). Configuration thinking has likewise picked up consideration in the setting of business. The purpose for the expanded consideration is that the structure of administrations and items is an extraordinary part of business intensity. Most notable organizations have for sure conceded to being plan pioneers. In spite of the fact that plan thinking has as of late become a significant piece of building fields, structure, and business, it can carry constructive outcomes to the 21st century training across numerous orders. The positive effects can be since it includes imaginative speculation in conveying answers for issues (Menges, 2011). In scholastic situations understudies are relied upon to peruse basically, think and reason in a rationale way and take care of issues that are mind boggling. In this manner, to assist understudies with prevailing in the advanced, interconnected world, teachers ought to furnish students with frameworks thinking, plan thinking, and collaboration aptitudes. In doing as such, it will help them nature their aptitudes of critical thinking and set them up for advanced education and vocation (Ingle 2013). In numerous fields, information is gathered and created through activity. Along these lines, information is used to create work, and work is assessed to deliver information. Individuals who are inventive typically work in two unique manners. They can fill in as producers or discoverers. Discoverers show their inventiveness through revelation while creators, however are similarly innovative they are headed to integrate what they know about in ideas, sytheses, developments, courses of action and examples.

Beneficial of team work

Valuable of collaboration Meeting up is a start. Keeping together is progress. Cooperating is achievement. Henry Ford I for one feel that cooperation is absolutely advantageous to an association and furthermore to its individuals. Specialists recommend that people are superior to groups at creating new thoughts, yet the groups are superior to people at assessing thoughts. Prior to progressing into the contention, let us first attempt to comprehend what does the term Team really mean and thusly to comprehend it we should make sense of what does a Group mean. A gathering is an assortment of at least two individuals who regularly have an up close and personal collaboration among themselves and work in a related way so as to accomplish their shared objectives. As referenced by Katzenbach Smith, a group is an uncommon type of a formalized gathering. He expresses that a group comprises of few individuals what all's identity is resolved to fill a typical need and accomplish their exhibition objectives. It by and large works with a typical methodology and the individuals in it are in every case commonly responsible. Having got a thought of what a group truly implies, presently let us attempt to get a spot of a portion of the issues that are being looked by them. The accompanying ought to be taken consideration for the correct working of a group, A wonderful environment ought to be kept up inside it and every one of its individuals ought to continue a decent relationship among themselves. All the individuals ought to be made to effectively take an interest in the group. The individuals should all be made mindful and furthermore acknowledge their group objectives the state-of-the-art informations ought to be shared among them. In the event that any misconception emerges in the group, they ought to be settled as and whenever the situation allows. Since dynamic holds a higher level of significance, all the colleagues must be made to take an interest in it. Execution assessment ought to be completed habitually. Work ought to be similarly separated among all the individuals and they ought to be given the opportunity to communicate their interests. All together for the cooperation to be helpful to an association and its workers its act ought to be made productive enough. The viability of such a group could be controlled by factors like its plan, by and large sythesis and the procedures it follows while Hackman recommends three diverse criterias for evaluating a groups adequacy. Initially, it is the genuine yield of the group. Furthermore, the whole group should fill in as a performing unit. Thirdly, every individual from the group ought to be happy with the experience of working in it. As effectively expressed presently let us concentrate in insight concerning the different elements that adds to the powerful working of a group. Exertion There are a few components which heightens the amount of exertion the individuals from the group dispense on doing the given assignment, Work Design The spurring component of the group especially depends on its work structure. Hackman states that a higher level of exertion is accomplished from the group just if the undertaking they perform is seen as trying, majorly affects the association or its customers, is completely claimed by the group and on the off chance that it gives out standard criticism on the colleagues execution. Prize System Endeavors will be higher if there is a prize framework set up. It gives the group testing targets and underlines their achievement. Subsequently it legitimately clears path for the colleagues development and by implication helps the associations increase. Information and Skill The individuals from the group ought to be both in fact also practically equipped. The successful presentation of a group fundamentally relies upon the assets (Knowledge and Skill) it has so as to finish the given activity. The components that ought to be taken consideration are, Group Composition A groups arrangement is for the most part controlled by the degree of ability it has relating to the performing task. In any case, typically the groups organization is resolved either by status or by close to home preferences as opposed to considering the capacity or the specialized skill it has. Group Size Despite the fact that numerous groups in an association will in general be enormous, it doesn't clears path for the compelling working of the group. The significant issue being that on the off chance that the quantity of individuals in a groups builds, at that point the level of collaboration inside the group diminishes to a more noteworthy degree. Moreover a few people will begin thinking that its hard to make their commitments. As expressed by Handy, the as a matter of first importance explanation behind the above is that a propensity would begin emerging for the individuals who make immense commitments to utilize most impact and the other way around. The subsequent factor being that the individuals who are without their commitment could preclude the group from securing their applicable information and aptitudes. Execution Strategies Hackman states that a group would nearly utilize an errand fitting execution system dependent on the accompanying three conditions, Initially, the worry about the measure of data accessible for the colleagues to be made use while surveying their exhibition. Besides, the worry is about the collaboration that happens inside the colleagues which thusly urges them to utilize the data accessible. The groups before getting into the genuine must accomplish some pre-work to make sense of what the work is about and the procedure which they should utilize. Thirdly, the group collaboration clears path for more up to date thoughts as well as encourages the group to no get digressed from the vital execution of their thoughts. Notwithstanding taking great consideration during certain occasions there is by all accounts some deviation from the picked approach, which thusly is essentially because of the lacking of value in the dynamic procedure. Dynamic One of the central point sought after by a group so as to accomplish great outcomes both for the association and its individuals is the Decision Making. All the individuals from the group ought to be effectively settled on to partake in the dynamic procedure. Biasing is a significant factor that emerges during the dynamic procedure. The one being the general biasing where despite the fact that there is by all accounts a bounty of data over all the colleagues, it is in every case a few people groups voice which could be heard in the dynamic procedure attributable to their rank. The second sort of biasing is known as the Epistemic Freezing, which implies the group will in general think of a supposition and once it is gotten down to business it is disregarded all i.e., it is actually let to freeze out. The groups typically settle on exact choices when contrasted with the people. There are two motivations to help it. Right off the bat, when all the individuals from the group are united they all thusly realize an assorted variety of information and data which couldn't be acquired from a solitary individual. Also, there would be various methodologies by various types of individuals in a group for the issue in progress. The groups ought to involve a decent blend of individuals so as to settle on the dynamic procedure compelling. It ought to have a blend with various degrees of encounters in the difficult they are managing. The status of the colleagues ought to never be considered in the dynamic procedure, this is on the grounds that the individuals with a higher status consistently attempt to have some measure of effect on the groups answer for the given issue which in certain situations could not be right. There are number of strategies for playing out the dynamic procedure in a group. Some of them are as per the following, Conceptualizing A group of around five to ten individuals sit together and talk about for about an hour about the issues on which they have to produce fresher thoughts. It is ordinarily the lead individual who starts the gathering. The whole discussion between the colleagues are recorded for later appraisal. Delphi Technique The genuine up close and personal communication among the colleagues doesn't happens. At first every individual from the gathering records his thoughts and answers for the announced issue, which are then refreshed in a typical database. Every individual from the group are then sent a duplicate of different individuals commitments and are totally anticipated give out their remarks for the equivalent. The above procedure is rehashed until the group shows up at a typical arrangement. Phases of Team Development There are five phases in the improvement procedure of a group. The groups however regularly maintain changing the control of improvement inferable from the consistent difference in individuals in it. Shaping The genuine arrangement of the group happens in this stage. The group interfaces and finds out about the difficulties and concurs on their objectives. This is considered as the most significant stage as the essential association between the colleagues happens here. Raging The group contends about the various thoughts that are to be thought of. Since all the colleagues effectively take part, this stage is viewed as vital for the development of the group. Norming The colleagues begin to alter every others conduct and make work to appear to be increasingly normal and free streaming. They concede to every others rules working techniques and thoughts. A feeling of shared trust starts to create among them. Performing The groups start to play out their errands as unit with no management. The individuals from the group will in general be gotten associated, spurred and educated. In this stage the colleagues care of the dynamic procedures without anyone else. A groups achievement relies upon its individuals as well as principally on the sort of pioneer it has. A pioneer is one who controls just as acts with his group to accomplish their goals. A decent group ought to have pioneer who could depict distinctive working styles and furthermore have the option to perceive the qualities of his colleagues just as endure their shortcoming. Likewise a superb group ought not be left with the one individual as its pioneer constantly. Group Building Group are regularly seen as increasingly firm. The components that add on to it are, The Common Task Groups consistently proceed as intently tied unit since they work for accomplishing a shared objective. This un

JustHost Review 2020 Pass, or Just Host Here

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Saturated Fat Definition and Examples

Saturated Fat Definition: A saturated fat is any lipid (fat) which contains no carbon-carbon double bonds. In other words, a saturated fat has been fully saturated with hydrogen atoms. Saturated fats tend to be greasy or waxy solids. Natural saturated fats often come from animal sources. Examples: Examples of saturated fats include butter and lard.

Types of North American Air Masses

A Report On Phr ( Personal Health Record ) - 3545 Words

INTRODUCTION: I am going to prepare a report on PHR (personal health record), What are its benefits and How it is useful.PHR is an E-device used by the patients to maintain their health information in a safe and secure environment. This stands in opposite to the more likely used e-medical record and data is operated by hospitals and contains data entered by physician or billing data to help insurance company. The proposition of a PHR is to give a total and brief outline of a patient’s health history which is available on the internet. The information data on a PHR may consolidate patient-reported result data, lab results, data from contraptions, for instance, remote electronic measuring scales or assembled inactively from an advanced cell phone. BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY: St. jon Medical Hospital: The development work of the another stage comprising of an 600-bed healing facility, Nurses lodging and living arrangements of Staff was begun in june 1977. The OPD were opened on July 8, 1985. From there on, the IPD were opened steadily. At the point when the last period of development was finished in 1989, the grounds had all the obliged offices. A theater, with 900 seats, was included 1999 as a remembrance of the Silver Jubilee of the hospital. At present St. Jon Medical Hospital has 1800 IPD beds, conveyed among the Departments of GM, GS, O G, Ped, CT Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Ophthal, Dermat, Dental Sx, Genito-urinary Sx, ENT dept, kidny, Ortho, ICU, Cardiac,Show MoreRelatedIntroduction Of Personal Health Record1563 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction of Personal Health Record Abstract The widely adoption of Electric Health Record (EHR) accelerates the development of Personal Health Record (PHR). The functionality of PHR can be summarized as information collection, information sharing and exchange, and information management, which could improve efficiency and quality of health care. 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The AHRQ hosts the National Resource Center for Health Information Technology (NRCHIT). The center serves as a connection between researchers, the healthcare community and experts in information technology. Its main role is to encourage the adoption of information technology in healthcare by availing latest tools, promoting best practices and providingRead MoreThe Health Care Facility Controls The Medical Information953 Words   |  4 PagesPatients can retrieve their health records via patient portals, personal health records, and personally controlled health records. Each serves a role in assisting the patient maintaining and sustaining their good health. Firstly, portals serve as access points for patients to view their clinical record online. This is conducted via a secure, hospital and health care facilities’ website which is linked to the pat ient’s electronic health records (EHRs) at any time (Johnson, Jimison, Mandl, 2014)Read MoreThe Adoption Of Information Technology1600 Words   |  7 Pagesits entirety. Health information technology (HIT or Health IT) has created, among other things, free flow, and improved communication amongst all healthcare workers and providers, patients and the community as a whole. HIT has also availed the healthcare sector better and easier access to information. So many people have placed their hopes on health information technology. The hospitals have high hopes for HIT in helping them to reduce human errors on their medical reports. Health care providersRead MoreThe Personal Health Record ( Phr )781 Words   |  4 Pages The Personal Health Record Final Project – Essay Diana Morris Darton State College â€Å"The personal health record (PHR) is an electronic, lifelong resource of health information needed by individuals to make health decisions.† (Burrington-Brown) Patients manage and control their own information from all healthcare providers and facilities. The PHR is supposed to be in a secure and private place. The patient sets who is allowed to access the PHR. The PHR is only for the patientRead MoreThe Adoption Of Information Technology1534 Words   |  7 Pagesin its entirety. Health information technology (HIT or Health IT) has created, among other things, free flow and improved communication amongst all healthcare workers and providers, patients and the community as a whole. HIT has also availed the healthcare sector better and easier access to information. So many people have placed their hopes on health information technology. The hospitals have high hopes for HIT in helping them to reduce human errors on their medical reports. Health care providersRead MorePerson al Health Record3164 Words   |  13 Pages Personal Health Record (PHRs) Nursing Informatics Oluwatoyin Abolarin Dr. Randolph Schild 11/30/2014 ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to generate information in regards to Personal Health Records (PHRs) in relation to the nursing profession. The emergence of PHRs came to light as a collective result of our complex set of medical needs, increasing need for timely access to health information’s without jeopardizing our privacy rights as patients, increasing advancement in technologies andRead MorePersonal Health Records Essay2539 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Increased public demand to access health information and growth of consumerism in health care industry are two important reasons form increasing attention to Personal Health Records (PHRs) in the recent years. Surveys show that a considerable number of people want to have access to their health information. In one survey, 60 percent of respondents wanted physicians to provide online access to medical records and test results, and online appointment scheduling; 1 in 4 said they wouldRead MoreHealth Information Exchange Or Hie936 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Information Exchange or HIE is a relatively new facet in the 100 year history of medical records. (Clark) â€Å"HIE is the transmission of healthcare-related data among facilities, health information organizations, and government agencies according to national standards.†(HIE defined) More specifically, HIE allows nurses, doctors, pharmacists, and other health care providers and patients to access and share vital patient m edical information electronically, thus reducing the cost and increasing

Insolvency and Wounding up of a Limited Liability Company

Question: Discuss about the Insolvency and Wounding up of a Limited Liability Company. Answer: Neptunes Prize Seafood Restaurant Pty Ltd The name of a limited Liability company can be changed by a special resolution of the members in a general meeting. In addition, the name can be changed by the directors without necessarily consulting the shareholders. Gracie and Tasia as directors of Neptunes Prize seafood Pty Ltd had legal rights to change the name of the company to Poseidon Prize seafood Restaurant as an administrative action to save it from the dwindling prospects. People had lacked interest in the restaurant leading to myriad of financial challenges such as the unpaid tax liability, lack of credit extension services by the bank and lack of supplies due to financial constraints. Having formed a new company by the name Neptunes Triumph Seafood Restaurant Pty Ltd, the previous company ceased to exist. It had to be wounded up. However, several considerations need to be done in order to liquidate Poseidons Prize Seafood Restaurant Pty Ltd. The business owners Tasia and Gracie had a responsibility properly dissolve the previous company under the State Law to avoid any lingering liability brought about by the outstanding business debts. The liquidator of the Poseidons Seafood must properly dissolve as outlined in the business code that formed the company. A proper dissolution of a Limited Liability Company requires company liquidation, paying off the creditors and distributing off the remaining assets to the shareholders based on their ownership percentages (Cartano, 2008). This particular case involved an incorporation of a new company and transfer of the whole assets without settling the debt liability for the previous company. Although the directors of a Limited Liability Company cannot be held liable for companys debts, the courts of law can occasionally intervene on behalf of creditors and hold directors personally liable for companys debts especially in an insolvency procedure. The owners of Poseidon seafood which was formerly known as the Neptune seafood Restaurant are Gracie and Tasia. They have a statutory duty to act in the best interests of the creditors by demonstrating their resolve into ensuring the repayments of all creditors are done using the companys resources. If they fail to meet their fundamental duties of acting in the interest of the creditors, while the company is trading insolvent, they can be personally liable including disqualification from acting as directors for any Limited Liability Company in future (Godbole, 2013). Poseidon Seafoods assets are subject to sharing by the shareholder only after all the companys tax liabilities and debts to suppliers are settled. Directors can be directly liable only if it is proved that they performed the following actions Used fraudulent methods to gather funds for the payment of creditors (Godbole, 2013) Withdrew company funds for no-business related activities (Newton, 2010) Entered into personal guarantee and then breached the terms Disposed off the companys assets at lesser value than the real value Paid dividends to shareholders while the company was insolvent In this particular case, the directors did not do any action that was contrary to the companys code of conduct. Tasia bought the state of the art refrigeration system and stove on behalf of the company. In that regard she acted as an agent of the company and all activities done by her in the absence of the other director Tasia binds both of them. Owing to the fact that the directors did not misappropriate the companys funds, during the time of operation, no suit can be brought against them. The company was wounded up due to failure to sustain itself as a result of financial distress. In that regard, the company should file for bankruptcy and allow the court to determine the priority of payments to the creditors. The transfer of Poseidons Seafood Restaurant Pty Ltd business assets to Neptunes Triumph Seafood Restaurant Pty Ltd is quite a tricky affair because the liquidator will be concerned with the motive and the intended purpose of the transfer. For instance, if the company that you are transferring the assets away from is under insolvency or is facing dissolution, then the transfer of assets can be perceived as an attempt to obstruct the process of claiming debts by the creditors (Newton, 2010). The transfer should be done correctly to ensure that two corporations are treated as separate entities and the assets and liabilities of the two corporations are treated as separate. One of the best ways to transfer assets and liabilities of one corporation to the other is by selling them at a fair market price from the first to the second. In that regard the proceeds from the sale of assets by the corporation under insolvency can be used to settle all debts from the creditors and tax liabilities (Alberty, 2003). Poseidons Prize Seafood Restaurants assets were all transferred to the new company by the directors Gracie and Tasia with no consideration. They flouted the insolvency rules that demand that the company being wounded up must settle all the creditors debts as well as tax liabilities through liquidation of the remaining assets. Having transferred the assets to Neptune Triumph Seafood Restaurant Pty Ltd without a consideration is not the correct practice because the assets and liabilities of the two companies are viewed as the same. These companies are separate entities despite the fact that they are owned by the same people. An action can be brought against the new company for receiving assets of another Limited Liability company without making payments for the same. However, no action can be brought against the directors of the new company because the company is a separate legal entity from the owners (Hnig Hammerl, 2014). The new company will be required by the law to pay a consider ation for the assets received. Bearing in mind that the shareholders were in agreement to transfer the assets of Poseidon to Neptune triumph sea food, their action was lawful. However, transferring the assets with the intention of hindering the process of claiming collections by creditors is unlawful and an action can be brought against each of the directors for personally executing transfers to evade tax claims and creditors collection claims (Hnig Hammerl, 2014). Personal liability comes when the individuals actions goes against the laid down rules and procedures of insolvency. References Alberty, S. C. (2003). Limited Liability Companies: A Planning and Drafting Guide. New York: American Law Iinstitute American Bar Association. Cartano, D. J. (2008). Federal and State Taxation of Limited Liability Companies. Riverwoods, Illinois: CCH. Godbole, P. G. (2013). Mergers, Acquisitions and Corporate Restructuring, 2nd Edition. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. Hnig, C., Hammerl, C. (2014). Insolvency and Restructuring Law in Central Eastern Europe: An Introduction for Practicioners. Scheydgasse : Linde Verlag GmbH,. Newton, G. W. (2010). Bankruptcy and Insolvency Accounting, Forms and Exhibits. Hobboken: John Wiley Sons. Rocap, D. E. (2016). Mergers, Acquisitions, and Buyouts, March 2016: Five-Volume Print Set. New York: Wolters Kluwer Law Business.

Greek Architecture in Egypt Essay Example

Greek Architecture in Egypt Essay Instead of covering nearly every bit of space with ornament, as the Egyptians did, the Greeks selected only the best places for it, and thus gave it its proper effect. The decorations, especially the sculptures, were one of the chief features of a Greek temple. Besides their temples the Greeks built many theaters which may be studied from their ruins, but of their dwelling-houses almost nothing remains to us. The Greek style is noted for the repose, harmony, and proportion of its effect. These are terms we might use in speaking of a painting, but they relate to the composition of a building which is, in many respects, similar to the composition of a picture. In selecting his materials, and style, and site, and in arranging his masses of stones; in placing the lights and shades, and in producing an effect of symmetry and balance, the architect is doing much the same things that a painter does in composing his pictures. As to proportion, we may say, in a general way, that Doric temples were twice as long as they were wide, and once and a half as high as they were wide. We will write a custom essay sample on Greek Architecture in Egypt specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Greek Architecture in Egypt specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Greek Architecture in Egypt specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The column was about six times its diameter in height, while the capital was one-half one diameter in height. CLIMATIC INFLUENCES:- To make further comparison with the Egyptian, we notice that the Greek made a gable to his roof. This was to ward off the weather, a thing the Egyptian never had to think of. It shows us how climate will bring out new features in architecture, and that, what might be beautiful in Egypt, might seem ridiculous in Chicago. Only the suitable is beautiful. STYLE OF CONSTRUCTION:- Using stone as the main constructional material led to trabeated and columned architecture, resembling that of the temple architecture in Ancient Egypt. Because many Greek buildings were made of wood, mud-brick, or clay, nothing remains of them except for a few ground-plans, and almost no written sources on early architecture or descriptions of these embryonic buildings exist. Common materials of Greek architecture were wood, limestone, and bronze. Those materials were used to construct five simple types of buildings: religious, civic, domestic, funerary, or recreational themes. GREEK ARCHITECTURE:- There is a very early period of Greek architecture, the remains of which are mainly tombs and gateways. The ending of the war between the Greeks and the Persians delivered the country from the fear of invasion, and left it free to exercise the arts of peace. Under Pericles, the old temples were rebuilt with greater splendor. This was the Golden Age of Greek Art, both in architecture and in the sister art of sculpture. Pericles was the great figure, in Athenian public affairs for forty years; the one man power of his time. His fleets overcame the neighboring countries, and the wealth and prosperity of Greece was the greatest in the world. He was a believer in art, and under him flourished the great sculptor Phidias, who superintended the construction of Pericles buildings. Sculptures made by Phidias, or under him, with which to adorn the temples, were the best the world has seen to this day. Sculpture was then as much a part of a fine building as the stone itself, and Pericles had such an idea of the importance and value of beautiful things that he kept the best artists busily at work. The result was that he made Athens the most beautiful city in the world. GREEK TEMPLES:- The architecture that we know as Greek is the most perfect of all architecture, and the Parthenon, a temple at Athens, is its best example All Greek temples faced the east and in front of them there was an altar for the sacrifices.. The Greeks loved both freedom and beauty, and their temples were true and noble expressions of themselves and their aspirations. Their religion, though different from the religions of today, was a pure and lofty one, and entered largely into their architecture. Their temples were built to do honor to their gods, and were set upon their beautiful hills. All Greek temples resemble each other in so many respects that, having seen one, we should never be at a loss to recognize another. There were three different orders, named Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Every order consists of two essential parts, a column and its entablature. The column is divided into three parts; base, shaft, and capital. The entablature or upper part of the building, which is supported by the column, consists of architrave, frieze, and cornice. The character of an order is displayed not only in its column, but in its ornaments, its general style, and its detail. THE GREEK DORIC ORDER:- The Doric order is the oldest and strongest as well as the most simple of the three Greek orders, combining with solidity and force, the most subtle and delicate refinement of outline. The column of the Doric order has no base, that is, it rests directly on the stone platform, and is thicker at the bottom than at the top, swelling outward in a subtle curve called entasis. The Doric column was fluted. The fluted part is called the shaft and the top of the column is the capital. The capital of the Doric column is very plain. THE GREEK IONIC ORDER:- The Ionic order is named from the Ionic race, by which it is supposed to have been developed and perfected. The distinguishing characteristic of the column of this order is the volute, or spiral ornament of its capital. In the true Ionic, the volutes have the same form on the front and rear of the column, and are connected on the flanks by an ornamented roll or scroll, except in the case of corner capitals, which have three volutes on the two outer faces The Ionic temples are not so well preserved as the Doric. The most important of the Ionic temples left to us is the Erechtheum at Athens. It differs from other temples in its irregularity. This makes it doubly interesting for it shows that although the Greeks nearly always adhered to one simple form, they could dispense with it when they wished. In the Erechtheum, they wished to provide for several shrines in one building, and under one roof. The irregularity they have made so beautiful and interesting that it is a wonder they did not repeat the idea many times in other structures. Its two colonnades of different designs, its remarkable north doorway, and the famous caryatid porch to the south are unsurpassed. Another temple, that of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus, was known as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. THE GREEK CORINTHIAN ORDER:- This is the most ornate of the classical orders, and the most slender in its proportions. The capital is shaped somewhat like a bell inverted, and is adorned with rows of acanthus leaves. A great example of the, third, or Corinthian order is the monument of Lysicrates at Athens. Straight is the line of duty. Curved is the line of beauty Follow the one and it shall be; The other shall always follow thee. For such reasons, Greek architecture was called Intellectual. Where on the Aegean shore a city stands, Built nobly, pure the air and light the soil; Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts and eloquence. Milton. IDENTIFYING FEATURES:- * Most have porticos (either entry or full-width) supported by prominent square or rounded columns, typically of Doric style, but also Ionic and Corinthian * Gabled or hipped roof of low pitch * Cornice line of main roof and porch roofs emphasized with wide band of trim (this represents the classical entablature and is usually divided into two parts: the frieze above and architrave below) * Enormous windows and doors Front door surrounded by narrow sidelights and a rectangular line of transom lights above, door and lights usually incorporated into more elaborate door surround (ancient Greek structures did not use arches) * Window sashes most commonly with six-pane glazing * Small frieze-band windows, set into the wide trim beneath the cornice (attic), are frequent. These are often covered with an iron or wooden grate fashioned into a decorative Greek pattern. GREEK TEMPLES| NEW EGYPTIAN KINGDOM TEMPLES| LOCATION:Sea everywhere with mountains, hard topography, and outward nature. Location is at the centre of the old world maintained effective communications with other civilizations | Egypt, the land of the Pharaohs,. It was the only country of the ancient world which, by means of the Red Sea, commanded outlets and inlets for foreign trade by both the Mediterranean and Arabian Seas. The Nile itself was of untold value, and it may truly be described as the rich life-blood which runs in the veins of Egypt. On its banks therefore, from time immemorial, the Egyptians founded their cities, both for the living and the dead, and here are the royal pyramids and the priestly temples. GEOLOGICAL:Mineral wealth, different types of stones, mainly marble with various kinds were used . Greek architects were very inspired by neatness of such a material and its potentials, leading to clear-cut surfaces. Such surfaces served perfectly for decorations and extraordinary art work, mainly sculpturing| The natural products, such as timber, brick, clay, and stone, largely determine the character of the architecture of a country. Different types of stones were the materials chiefly employed, for constructive and decorative architectural work, as the country was poor in metals. The gigantic scale which distinguishes Egyptian architecture was made possible not only by the materials, but also by the methods employed in the quarrying of enormous blocks of stone, and in transporting and raising them into position. Recent excavations have revealed the use of sun-dried and burnt bricks for dwelling-houses and royal palaces. | RELIGIOUS:Greek had rather a human-centered cult where the man was the most important feature. The main subjects of decoration were human figures. Even the gods and goddesses were figured in human images. Unlike in Egypt, the temple was not segregated with its priests from the public. It was rather open for them and easily accessible without a barrier. Even the holiest place, the Cella or Naos, where the statue of the gods was laid, had a simple gate almost always facing the East behind a colonnade. | The close connection between religion and architecture is everywhere visible. The religious rites of the Egyptians were traditional, unchangeable, and mysterious, and these traits are reproduced in the architecture, both of tombs and temples. The religion was monotheistic in theory, but became polytheistic in practice through the cult of many gods representing natural phenomena and the heavenly bodies. Judged by the elaborate preparations for the care of their bodies after death the wealthy built themselves tomb-houses against the time when they should enter the great land of silence. | CLIMATIC:It’s mild, intermediate between the accurate cold and relaxing heat. (Notice the pitched roof made of terra cotta covering the typical Greek Temple) This had its reflection on the people and their architecture. It permitted openness of the Greek Temple as well as outdoor activities enjoying the mild sun while practicing different life activities. The outdoor nature of architecture expressed through the trabeated and columned architecture influenced the architecture typology of the buildings. | Egypt has been said to have two seasons, spring and summer. The climate is equable and warm; snow and frost are unknown, while storm, fog, and even rain are rare, and these conditions have contributed to the preservation of the buildings. Its brilliant sunshine conduced also to simplicity of design; for, as sufficient light reached the interior through doors and roof slits, and thus unbroken massive walls protected the interior from the fierce heat of the sun. In the absence of rain, flat roofs of thick stone slabs were sufficient to cover in the building, and to exclude the heat. | SOCIAL:Greek life was organized around the independent and self government city-state. There were at least 700 of them in Greece during this time. All the Greek people, although, shared a common language, with similar religious beliefs and participating in common games The Olympics. A community of citizens (only men), women and slaves (usually obtained from wars) had no rights. Priests were not a segregated or isolated class; they could practice their religious job and retire as common citizens. Egyptian civilization is the most ancient of which we have any clear knowledge. Our information is derived from the Old Testament, and from Greek and Latin authors, but more particularly from Egyptian buildings with their inscriptions. It was the custom to record matters of history on temples, and of domestic and social interest on tombs. | GLOSSARY:- Cella (or naos): T he main chamber of a Greek or Roman temple, built to house the cult statue. Peristyle: The colonnade around a peripteral building or around a court. Peripteral: An adjective describing a building with a colonnade around its entire perimeter. Intercolumniation: The space between two adjacent columns. Stereobate: A solid mass of masonry serving as the visible base of a building, especially a Greek temple. In a Greek temple only the lower steps are called the stereobate; the top step, on which the columns rest, is called the stylobate. Entasis: The swelling convex curvature along the line of taper of classical columns. The entasis of early Greek Doric columns is pronounced, but becomes ever more subtle until, in the columns of the Parthenon, it is barely perceptible. Echinus: In the Doric order, the quarter round molding beneath the abacus of a capital. Abacus: The uppermost part of a capital, forming a slab upon which the architrave rests. Entablature: The group of horizontal member resting on the columns of the one of the classical orders. It is divided into three parts: architrave, frieze, and cornice. Architrave: The lowest member of an entablature, resting directly on the columns. Frieze: The middle member of an entablature, between the architrave and cornice. Triglyph: In the frieze of the entablature of the Doric order -the vertical blocks- which are divided by channels into three sections. Originally, the triglyphs were probably the ends of wooden ceiling beams. Metope: In the frieze of an entablature of the Doric order, one of the panels between the triglyphs sometimes ornamented. Originally, in wooden temple, the metopes may have been openings between the ceiling beams. Cornice: The topmost part of a classical entablature. Pediment: In classical architecture, the low-pitched gable, or triangular area formed by the two slopes of the low-pitched roof of a temple, framed by the horizontal and raking cornices and sometimes filled with sculpture. Orders: An architectural order is one of the classical systems of carefully proportioned and interdependent parts which include column and entablature. Doric: The oldest, studiest, and most severe of the orders. It developed on the mainland of Greece. The most distinguishing characteristic is probably its capital, but note the absence of a column base and the introduction of triglyphs and metopes in the frieze course. Ionic: Its more slender and lighter than the Doric. The Ionic developed in the lands east of the Aegean and was more subject to the influence of older Asiatic styles. It is quickly distinguished by the volutes of its capitals. Note the presence of a column base and the absence of the triglyphs and metopes. Corinthian: Its developed later than the Doric or Ionic. It is distinguished from the Ionic by its capital formed of a circular belle of rows of acanthus leaves. Megaron: A large oblong hall in a Minoan or Mycenaean palace. * Library of Alexandria: The Royal Library of Alexandria was once the largest in the world. It is usually assumed to have been founded at the beginning of the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ptolemy II of Egypt after his father had set up the temple of the Muses, the Musaeum (whence we get Museum). The initial organization is attributed to Demetrius Phalereus, and is estimated to have stored at its peak 400,000 to 700,000 parchment scrolls. The librarys destruction remains a mystery. One story holds that the Library was seeded with Aristotles own private collection, through one of his students, Demetrius Phalereus. Another concerns how its collection grew so large. By decree of Ptolemy III of Egypt, all visitors to the city were required to surrender all books and scrolls in their possession; these writings were then swiftly copied by official scribes. The originals were put into the Library, and the copies were delivered to the previous owners. While encroaching on the rights of the traveler or merchant, it also helped to create a reservoir of books in the relatively new city. * Lighthouse of Alexandria: Alexandria, Egypt. This city is where the Lighthouse of Alexandria stood. The city was completed by Ptolemy Soter, the new ruler of Egypt. The city soon became rich. The city needed a symbol and a mechanism to guide the trade ships into its harbor. It was completed 20 years later and was the first lighthouse of the world. It was also the tallest building with the exception of the Great Pyramid. That means that the lighthouse stood between 450 to 600 feet high. A man named Sostrates of Knidos designed the lighthouse. He thought it needed to have his name carved in the foundation. But Ptolemy II, who ruled after his father, refused and wanted his own name carved in. Sostrates, being a clever man, had this inscription put on the lighthouse: SOSTRATES SON OF DEXIPHANES OF KNIDOS ON BEHALF OF ALL MARINERS TO THE SAVIOR GODS. Then he covered it with plaster. Then they put Ptolemys name into the plaster. As years passed, the plaster chipped away, leaving Sostrates declaration. The lighthouse was built on the island of Pharos. Pharos became the word lighthouse in French, Italian, Spanish, and Romanian languages. This lighthouse was designed differently than modern lighthouses. It was more like a 20th century sky scraper. There were three stages which were piled on top of each other. The lowest level was about 200 feet square and was shaped like a huge box. The blocks on which the lighthouse was built were marble. There was a staircase in the lighthouse that led the keepers to the beacon chamber. In there, was a curved mirror. It was used to project a fires light into a beam. Ships could detect the beam from the tower at night or the smoke from it could be seen during the day from up to 100 miles away. I bet youre wondering what happened to the worlds first lighthouse. It stood for 1,500 years but was damaged by tremors in 365 and 1303 A. D. The final collapse came in 1326. ARCHITECTURE in ALEXANDRIA The history of ancient Greek art mainly in the form of sculpture is composed of roughly three periods: the Archaic, the Classical, and the Hellenistic. The Archaic is rather stiff and primitive; the Classical becomes more sophisticated and realistic; and the Hellenistic becomes flowery and highly decorative. These three periods can be thought of in the same way as the three periods of Greek architecture the Doric, the Ionic, and the Corinthian. Doric columns are the most simple, Ionic are more highly decorative, and the Corinthian are downright over the top and lavish. Archaic In the Archaic period of Greek art [800-500 BC], sculptures were placed on pedestals lining the way to the entrance to a main temple or for marking graves. The typical statue is of either a male or female figure assuming a rather stiff pose. Male statues are called kouroi (simply meaning young men) and represent gods, warriors, and athletes. The female statues are called korai and depict clothed priestesses, goddesses, and nymphs. Always each has the thin-lipped Archaic smile, perhaps echoing the prosperity and relative peace of the time. During the Archaic period, Greek artists try to achieve realistic likeness in picturing the human figure, and the statues are a far cry from the extremely abstract figures of the geometric style which preceded. In fact, the statues show the influence of Egyptian art in its stiffness, gracefulness, and idealization. But the artists werent quite comfortable with achieving naturalism yet. The archaic smile, outstretched palm, clenched fist, and wooden posture of a striding figure are all stylistic devices that compensate for an inability to portray a figure in realistic full action during this emerging stage of naturalism. Classical During this period [500-323 BC], Greece reaches the height of economic success and cultural and artistic splendor. Its expansionist foreign policy triggers revolts throughout the Hellenic world and rivalry with Sparta, Corinth, Thebes, and Syracuse leads to much fighting and bloodshed. Gone is the dreamy Archaic smile from the sculptures. The Classical period of Ancient Greece produced some of the most exquisite sculptures the world has ever seen. The art of the Classical Greek style is characterized by a joyous freedom of movement and freedom of expression. It celebrates mankind as an independent entity. Artists hold their aesthetic standards to a quest for ideal beauty; this leads to their depicting the human figure in a naturalistic manner because it is the first time in human history that the human body is studied for its aesthetic values. They replace the stiffness of the human figure from the Archaic period with a free-flowing form more true to life. The most significant change is the counterbalance, or s-curve, of the body, known as controposto. One foot comes forward so that one leg is relaxed and the other bears the weight of the body; the pose is much more naturalistic. In the art of Greece during the Classical period the characteristic smile of the Archaic sculpture is replaced by a solemn facial expression. Even in sculptures which depict violent and passionate scenes the faces betray no expression; however, their enemies have dramatic facial expressions. Ancient Greeks believed that suppression of the emotions is a noble characteristic of all civilized men, while the public display of human emotion is a sign of barbarism. Logic and reason are the dominant human qualities even during the most dramatic situations. This is the period that of course so greatly influenced the ascendance of the Renaissance when Italian scholars, writers, and artists experienced a rebirth (renaissance) of classical values after the Middle Ages. The Classical period is considered the golden age for the arts, literature, philosophy, and politics and its principles continue to influence western civilization today. Hellenistic: The Hellenistic period occurred from the third to the first centuries B. C. in the times that spring up after Alexander the Greats conquests. This is a great time of prosperity that encourages the production of art of a more secular nature. A new reality emerges in Greek sculpture. Instead of depicting ideals such as logic and suppressed emotion or perfect beauty, the artists explore reality. For instance, the Boxer shows the boxers bleeding knuckles after the fight. Humane themes such as childhood, old age, ugliness, and suffering are now of interest and are treated with great exuberance and pathos. The Laocoon is the epitome of this style. The Hellenistic period is above all a period of eclecticism. Artists expand their work with dramatic poses and emotions, sweeping lines, and high contrasts of light and shadow. The conventions of the Classical period give way to this new experimentation and freedom that let artists explore subjects from different points of view. Greek architecture| Archaic ca. 800-500 BC| Classical ca. 500-323 BC| Hellenistic ca. 323-27 BC| megaron gt; peripteral temple Doric and Ionic orders| Parthenon, Propylaea, Erechtheum venue seating Corinthian order| Alexandria (Library, Lighthouse) Tower of the Winds| | | | Greek Architecture in Egypt Essay Example Greek Architecture in Egypt Essay Instead of covering nearly every bit of space with ornament, as the Egyptians did, the Greeks selected only the best places for it, and thus gave it its proper effect. The decorations, especially the sculptures, were one of the chief features of a Greek temple. Besides their temples the Greeks built many theaters which may be studied from their ruins, but of their dwelling-houses almost nothing remains to us. The Greek style is noted for the repose, harmony, and proportion of its effect. These are terms we might use in speaking of a painting, but they relate to the composition of a building which is, in many respects, similar to the composition of a picture. In selecting his materials, and style, and site, and in arranging his masses of stones; in placing the lights and shades, and in producing an effect of symmetry and balance, the architect is doing much the same things that a painter does in composing his pictures. As to proportion, we may say, in a general way, that Doric temples were twice as long as they were wide, and once and a half as high as they were wide. We will write a custom essay sample on Greek Architecture in Egypt specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Greek Architecture in Egypt specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Greek Architecture in Egypt specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The column was about six times its diameter in height, while the capital was one-half one diameter in height. CLIMATIC INFLUENCES:- To make further comparison with the Egyptian, we notice that the Greek made a gable to his roof. This was to ward off the weather, a thing the Egyptian never had to think of. It shows us how climate will bring out new features in architecture, and that, what might be beautiful in Egypt, might seem ridiculous in Chicago. Only the suitable is beautiful. STYLE OF CONSTRUCTION:- Using stone as the main constructional material led to trabeated and columned architecture, resembling that of the temple architecture in Ancient Egypt. Because many Greek buildings were made of wood, mud-brick, or clay, nothing remains of them except for a few ground-plans, and almost no written sources on early architecture or descriptions of these embryonic buildings exist. Common materials of Greek architecture were wood, limestone, and bronze. Those materials were used to construct five simple types of buildings: religious, civic, domestic, funerary, or recreational themes. GREEK ARCHITECTURE:- There is a very early period of Greek architecture, the remains of which are mainly tombs and gateways. The ending of the war between the Greeks and the Persians delivered the country from the fear of invasion, and left it free to exercise the arts of peace. Under Pericles, the old temples were rebuilt with greater splendor. This was the Golden Age of Greek Art, both in architecture and in the sister art of sculpture. Pericles was the great figure, in Athenian public affairs for forty years; the one man power of his time. His fleets overcame the neighboring countries, and the wealth and prosperity of Greece was the greatest in the world. He was a believer in art, and under him flourished the great sculptor Phidias, who superintended the construction of Pericles buildings. Sculptures made by Phidias, or under him, with which to adorn the temples, were the best the world has seen to this day. Sculpture was then as much a part of a fine building as the stone itself, and Pericles had such an idea of the importance and value of beautiful things that he kept the best artists busily at work. The result was that he made Athens the most beautiful city in the world. GREEK TEMPLES:- The architecture that we know as Greek is the most perfect of all architecture, and the Parthenon, a temple at Athens, is its best example All Greek temples faced the east and in front of them there was an altar for the sacrifices.. The Greeks loved both freedom and beauty, and their temples were true and noble expressions of themselves and their aspirations. Their religion, though different from the religions of today, was a pure and lofty one, and entered largely into their architecture. Their temples were built to do honor to their gods, and were set upon their beautiful hills. All Greek temples resemble each other in so many respects that, having seen one, we should never be at a loss to recognize another. There were three different orders, named Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Every order consists of two essential parts, a column and its entablature. The column is divided into three parts; base, shaft, and capital. The entablature or upper part of the building, which is supported by the column, consists of architrave, frieze, and cornice. The character of an order is displayed not only in its column, but in its ornaments, its general style, and its detail. THE GREEK DORIC ORDER:- The Doric order is the oldest and strongest as well as the most simple of the three Greek orders, combining with solidity and force, the most subtle and delicate refinement of outline. The column of the Doric order has no base, that is, it rests directly on the stone platform, and is thicker at the bottom than at the top, swelling outward in a subtle curve called entasis. The Doric column was fluted. The fluted part is called the shaft and the top of the column is the capital. The capital of the Doric column is very plain. THE GREEK IONIC ORDER:- The Ionic order is named from the Ionic race, by which it is supposed to have been developed and perfected. The distinguishing characteristic of the column of this order is the volute, or spiral ornament of its capital. In the true Ionic, the volutes have the same form on the front and rear of the column, and are connected on the flanks by an ornamented roll or scroll, except in the case of corner capitals, which have three volutes on the two outer faces The Ionic temples are not so well preserved as the Doric. The most important of the Ionic temples left to us is the Erechtheum at Athens. It differs from other temples in its irregularity. This makes it doubly interesting for it shows that although the Greeks nearly always adhered to one simple form, they could dispense with it when they wished. In the Erechtheum, they wished to provide for several shrines in one building, and under one roof. The irregularity they have made so beautiful and interesting that it is a wonder they did not repeat the idea many times in other structures. Its two colonnades of different designs, its remarkable north doorway, and the famous caryatid porch to the south are unsurpassed. Another temple, that of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus, was known as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. THE GREEK CORINTHIAN ORDER:- This is the most ornate of the classical orders, and the most slender in its proportions. The capital is shaped somewhat like a bell inverted, and is adorned with rows of acanthus leaves. A great example of the, third, or Corinthian order is the monument of Lysicrates at Athens. Straight is the line of duty. Curved is the line of beauty Follow the one and it shall be; The other shall always follow thee. For such reasons, Greek architecture was called Intellectual. Where on the Aegean shore a city stands, Built nobly, pure the air and light the soil; Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts and eloquence. Milton. IDENTIFYING FEATURES:- * Most have porticos (either entry or full-width) supported by prominent square or rounded columns, typically of Doric style, but also Ionic and Corinthian * Gabled or hipped roof of low pitch * Cornice line of main roof and porch roofs emphasized with wide band of trim (this represents the classical entablature and is usually divided into two parts: the frieze above and architrave below) * Enormous windows and doors Front door surrounded by narrow sidelights and a rectangular line of transom lights above, door and lights usually incorporated into more elaborate door surround (ancient Greek structures did not use arches) * Window sashes most commonly with six-pane glazing * Small frieze-band windows, set into the wide trim beneath the cornice (attic), are frequent. These are often covered with an iron or wooden grate fashioned into a decorative Greek pattern. GREEK TEMPLES| NEW EGYPTIAN KINGDOM TEMPLES| LOCATION:Sea everywhere with mountains, hard topography, and outward nature. Location is at the centre of the old world maintained effective communications with other civilizations | Egypt, the land of the Pharaohs,. It was the only country of the ancient world which, by means of the Red Sea, commanded outlets and inlets for foreign trade by both the Mediterranean and Arabian Seas. The Nile itself was of untold value, and it may truly be described as the rich life-blood which runs in the veins of Egypt. On its banks therefore, from time immemorial, the Egyptians founded their cities, both for the living and the dead, and here are the royal pyramids and the priestly temples. GEOLOGICAL:Mineral wealth, different types of stones, mainly marble with various kinds were used . Greek architects were very inspired by neatness of such a material and its potentials, leading to clear-cut surfaces. Such surfaces served perfectly for decorations and extraordinary art work, mainly sculpturing| The natural products, such as timber, brick, clay, and stone, largely determine the character of the architecture of a country. Different types of stones were the materials chiefly employed, for constructive and decorative architectural work, as the country was poor in metals. The gigantic scale which distinguishes Egyptian architecture was made possible not only by the materials, but also by the methods employed in the quarrying of enormous blocks of stone, and in transporting and raising them into position. Recent excavations have revealed the use of sun-dried and burnt bricks for dwelling-houses and royal palaces. | RELIGIOUS:Greek had rather a human-centered cult where the man was the most important feature. The main subjects of decoration were human figures. Even the gods and goddesses were figured in human images. Unlike in Egypt, the temple was not segregated with its priests from the public. It was rather open for them and easily accessible without a barrier. Even the holiest place, the Cella or Naos, where the statue of the gods was laid, had a simple gate almost always facing the East behind a colonnade. | The close connection between religion and architecture is everywhere visible. The religious rites of the Egyptians were traditional, unchangeable, and mysterious, and these traits are reproduced in the architecture, both of tombs and temples. The religion was monotheistic in theory, but became polytheistic in practice through the cult of many gods representing natural phenomena and the heavenly bodies. Judged by the elaborate preparations for the care of their bodies after death the wealthy built themselves tomb-houses against the time when they should enter the great land of silence. | CLIMATIC:It’s mild, intermediate between the accurate cold and relaxing heat. (Notice the pitched roof made of terra cotta covering the typical Greek Temple) This had its reflection on the people and their architecture. It permitted openness of the Greek Temple as well as outdoor activities enjoying the mild sun while practicing different life activities. The outdoor nature of architecture expressed through the trabeated and columned architecture influenced the architecture typology of the buildings. | Egypt has been said to have two seasons, spring and summer. The climate is equable and warm; snow and frost are unknown, while storm, fog, and even rain are rare, and these conditions have contributed to the preservation of the buildings. Its brilliant sunshine conduced also to simplicity of design; for, as sufficient light reached the interior through doors and roof slits, and thus unbroken massive walls protected the interior from the fierce heat of the sun. In the absence of rain, flat roofs of thick stone slabs were sufficient to cover in the building, and to exclude the heat. | SOCIAL:Greek life was organized around the independent and self government city-state. There were at least 700 of them in Greece during this time. All the Greek people, although, shared a common language, with similar religious beliefs and participating in common games The Olympics. A community of citizens (only men), women and slaves (usually obtained from wars) had no rights. Priests were not a segregated or isolated class; they could practice their religious job and retire as common citizens. Egyptian civilization is the most ancient of which we have any clear knowledge. Our information is derived from the Old Testament, and from Greek and Latin authors, but more particularly from Egyptian buildings with their inscriptions. It was the custom to record matters of history on temples, and of domestic and social interest on tombs. | GLOSSARY:- Cella (or naos): T he main chamber of a Greek or Roman temple, built to house the cult statue. Peristyle: The colonnade around a peripteral building or around a court. Peripteral: An adjective describing a building with a colonnade around its entire perimeter. Intercolumniation: The space between two adjacent columns. Stereobate: A solid mass of masonry serving as the visible base of a building, especially a Greek temple. In a Greek temple only the lower steps are called the stereobate; the top step, on which the columns rest, is called the stylobate. Entasis: The swelling convex curvature along the line of taper of classical columns. The entasis of early Greek Doric columns is pronounced, but becomes ever more subtle until, in the columns of the Parthenon, it is barely perceptible. Echinus: In the Doric order, the quarter round molding beneath the abacus of a capital. Abacus: The uppermost part of a capital, forming a slab upon which the architrave rests. Entablature: The group of horizontal member resting on the columns of the one of the classical orders. It is divided into three parts: architrave, frieze, and cornice. Architrave: The lowest member of an entablature, resting directly on the columns. Frieze: The middle member of an entablature, between the architrave and cornice. Triglyph: In the frieze of the entablature of the Doric order -the vertical blocks- which are divided by channels into three sections. Originally, the triglyphs were probably the ends of wooden ceiling beams. Metope: In the frieze of an entablature of the Doric order, one of the panels between the triglyphs sometimes ornamented. Originally, in wooden temple, the metopes may have been openings between the ceiling beams. Cornice: The topmost part of a classical entablature. Pediment: In classical architecture, the low-pitched gable, or triangular area formed by the two slopes of the low-pitched roof of a temple, framed by the horizontal and raking cornices and sometimes filled with sculpture. Orders: An architectural order is one of the classical systems of carefully proportioned and interdependent parts which include column and entablature. Doric: The oldest, studiest, and most severe of the orders. It developed on the mainland of Greece. The most distinguishing characteristic is probably its capital, but note the absence of a column base and the introduction of triglyphs and metopes in the frieze course. Ionic: Its more slender and lighter than the Doric. The Ionic developed in the lands east of the Aegean and was more subject to the influence of older Asiatic styles. It is quickly distinguished by the volutes of its capitals. Note the presence of a column base and the absence of the triglyphs and metopes. Corinthian: Its developed later than the Doric or Ionic. It is distinguished from the Ionic by its capital formed of a circular belle of rows of acanthus leaves. Megaron: A large oblong hall in a Minoan or Mycenaean palace. * Library of Alexandria: The Royal Library of Alexandria was once the largest in the world. It is usually assumed to have been founded at the beginning of the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ptolemy II of Egypt after his father had set up the temple of the Muses, the Musaeum (whence we get Museum). The initial organization is attributed to Demetrius Phalereus, and is estimated to have stored at its peak 400,000 to 700,000 parchment scrolls. The librarys destruction remains a mystery. One story holds that the Library was seeded with Aristotles own private collection, through one of his students, Demetrius Phalereus. Another concerns how its collection grew so large. By decree of Ptolemy III of Egypt, all visitors to the city were required to surrender all books and scrolls in their possession; these writings were then swiftly copied by official scribes. The originals were put into the Library, and the copies were delivered to the previous owners. While encroaching on the rights of the traveler or merchant, it also helped to create a reservoir of books in the relatively new city. * Lighthouse of Alexandria: Alexandria, Egypt. This city is where the Lighthouse of Alexandria stood. The city was completed by Ptolemy Soter, the new ruler of Egypt. The city soon became rich. The city needed a symbol and a mechanism to guide the trade ships into its harbor. It was completed 20 years later and was the first lighthouse of the world. It was also the tallest building with the exception of the Great Pyramid. That means that the lighthouse stood between 450 to 600 feet high. A man named Sostrates of Knidos designed the lighthouse. He thought it needed to have his name carved in the foundation. But Ptolemy II, who ruled after his father, refused and wanted his own name carved in. Sostrates, being a clever man, had this inscription put on the lighthouse: SOSTRATES SON OF DEXIPHANES OF KNIDOS ON BEHALF OF ALL MARINERS TO THE SAVIOR GODS. Then he covered it with plaster. Then they put Ptolemys name into the plaster. As years passed, the plaster chipped away, leaving Sostrates declaration. The lighthouse was built on the island of Pharos. Pharos became the word lighthouse in French, Italian, Spanish, and Romanian languages. This lighthouse was designed differently than modern lighthouses. It was more like a 20th century sky scraper. There were three stages which were piled on top of each other. The lowest level was about 200 feet square and was shaped like a huge box. The blocks on which the lighthouse was built were marble. There was a staircase in the lighthouse that led the keepers to the beacon chamber. In there, was a curved mirror. It was used to project a fires light into a beam. Ships could detect the beam from the tower at night or the smoke from it could be seen during the day from up to 100 miles away. I bet youre wondering what happened to the worlds first lighthouse. It stood for 1,500 years but was damaged by tremors in 365 and 1303 A. D. The final collapse came in 1326. ARCHITECTURE in ALEXANDRIA The history of ancient Greek art mainly in the form of sculpture is composed of roughly three periods: the Archaic, the Classical, and the Hellenistic. The Archaic is rather stiff and primitive; the Classical becomes more sophisticated and realistic; and the Hellenistic becomes flowery and highly decorative. These three periods can be thought of in the same way as the three periods of Greek architecture the Doric, the Ionic, and the Corinthian. Doric columns are the most simple, Ionic are more highly decorative, and the Corinthian are downright over the top and lavish. Archaic In the Archaic period of Greek art [800-500 BC], sculptures were placed on pedestals lining the way to the entrance to a main temple or for marking graves. The typical statue is of either a male or female figure assuming a rather stiff pose. Male statues are called kouroi (simply meaning young men) and represent gods, warriors, and athletes. The female statues are called korai and depict clothed priestesses, goddesses, and nymphs. Always each has the thin-lipped Archaic smile, perhaps echoing the prosperity and relative peace of the time. During the Archaic period, Greek artists try to achieve realistic likeness in picturing the human figure, and the statues are a far cry from the extremely abstract figures of the geometric style which preceded. In fact, the statues show the influence of Egyptian art in its stiffness, gracefulness, and idealization. But the artists werent quite comfortable with achieving naturalism yet. The archaic smile, outstretched palm, clenched fist, and wooden posture of a striding figure are all stylistic devices that compensate for an inability to portray a figure in realistic full action during this emerging stage of naturalism. Classical During this period [500-323 BC], Greece reaches the height of economic success and cultural and artistic splendor. Its expansionist foreign policy triggers revolts throughout the Hellenic world and rivalry with Sparta, Corinth, Thebes, and Syracuse leads to much fighting and bloodshed. Gone is the dreamy Archaic smile from the sculptures. The Classical period of Ancient Greece produced some of the most exquisite sculptures the world has ever seen. The art of the Classical Greek style is characterized by a joyous freedom of movement and freedom of expression. It celebrates mankind as an independent entity. Artists hold their aesthetic standards to a quest for ideal beauty; this leads to their depicting the human figure in a naturalistic manner because it is the first time in human history that the human body is studied for its aesthetic values. They replace the stiffness of the human figure from the Archaic period with a free-flowing form more true to life. The most significant change is the counterbalance, or s-curve, of the body, known as controposto. One foot comes forward so that one leg is relaxed and the other bears the weight of the body; the pose is much more naturalistic. In the art of Greece during the Classical period the characteristic smile of the Archaic sculpture is replaced by a solemn facial expression. Even in sculptures which depict violent and passionate scenes the faces betray no expression; however, their enemies have dramatic facial expressions. Ancient Greeks believed that suppression of the emotions is a noble characteristic of all civilized men, while the public display of human emotion is a sign of barbarism. Logic and reason are the dominant human qualities even during the most dramatic situations. This is the period that of course so greatly influenced the ascendance of the Renaissance when Italian scholars, writers, and artists experienced a rebirth (renaissance) of classical values after the Middle Ages. The Classical period is considered the golden age for the arts, literature, philosophy, and politics and its principles continue to influence western civilization today. Hellenistic: The Hellenistic period occurred from the third to the first centuries B. C. in the times that spring up after Alexander the Greats conquests. This is a great time of prosperity that encourages the production of art of a more secular nature. A new reality emerges in Greek sculpture. Instead of depicting ideals such as logic and suppressed emotion or perfect beauty, the artists explore reality. For instance, the Boxer shows the boxers bleeding knuckles after the fight. Humane themes such as childhood, old age, ugliness, and suffering are now of interest and are treated with great exuberance and pathos. The Laocoon is the epitome of this style. The Hellenistic period is above all a period of eclecticism. Artists expand their work with dramatic poses and emotions, sweeping lines, and high contrasts of light and shadow. The conventions of the Classical period give way to this new experimentation and freedom that let artists explore subjects from different points of view. Greek architecture| Archaic ca. 800-500 BC| Classical ca. 500-323 BC| Hellenistic ca. 323-27 BC| megaron gt; peripteral temple Doric and Ionic orders| Parthenon, Propylaea, Erechtheum venue seating Corinthian order| Alexandria (Library, Lighthouse) Tower of the Winds| | | |

Tantra essays

Tantra essays Many people have different ways of relaxing after a hard day at the office or work place. Some people go out for a drink or a movie and others just come home and relax in front of the television. But more people today are looking other places for a way to relax that is more involved with power of faith and understanding. Though it has been around for hundreds of years, many are coming to the practice of Tantra to help them relax and obtain a better understanding of life and existence itself. That is the purpose of this paper, to inform the reader on the origin and the belief of Tantra. This paper will also clarify the practices and positions of Tantra for the person who would like to begin a Tantric lifestyle. It will also determine the differences between the popular practice of Yoga from the forms of Tantra. Before one can begin to practice such a life changing belief, one must know exactly what it is. Tantra is a mystical practice to so many people that it is often difficult to give a true definition (Douglas). But the most general meaning of the belief of Tantra is, a spiritual science, which means it is also mystical, in its interconnectedness, the holistic wisdom like between ourselves and the universe we inhabit. (Douglas) It is the most rarest and most sacred of all the Buddhist teachings (about-tantra.org). Tantra will bring one who practices a sense of understanding in all aspects of their lives, spiritually, emotionally and physically. Tantra is not only used to gain spiritual and emotional understanding, it is also used sexually. By believing in Tantra, a person will supposedly have an unbelievable sexual experience every time a person engages in sexual intercourse. The Tantric way of life involves heavy meditation, body manipulation and concentration to cleanse the mind and reach enlightenment(Yeshe, 3). Everything that exists in the Tantric belief is done internally, expect of course for the positions invo...

Critique of a Public Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critique of a Public - Speech or Presentation Example The speaker is in white sweater and a dark coat, quite presentable to the crowd. It is cold from where he is, he said. He maintains enough eye contact with his audience. The camera pans back and forth from speaker to audience. The topic is "Why it is not second coming if Christ comes back to earth." It is organized through four general questions giving proofs that Christ was on earth even before he was born a human being. The voice is pleasant enough. He is a known broadcaster, debater, and now becoming a phenomenal blogger on biblical issues. In between takes, he makes a report about his mission in the United States, talking about social issues. He specifies the evil effects leading to genetically modified organisms (GMO) by showing on screen a very big rooster 10 times bigger than the man supposed to be in charge with it. The man carries on his hand a long string attached to the giant rooster. He laughs and laughs. The audience laughs with him. There is clear interaction. He tells a little anecdote. To illustrate that people do not have time for God, he tells about people not sleeping, not even standing up to answer the call of nature, just so one could gamble effectively. For God, however, he says, people think time should be very, very short if possible. The speech purpose is for the weekly spiritual feeding of God's people. It is to make them understand that when Christ comes back, it will not be the second time as he had been here before; he was with God the Father even before the world began. Those who are thinking it will be the second time are those looking at Christ as a mere human being. The speaker flashes on screen the false belief of the Church of Christ that it is the day of judgement when Christ comes back and that the earth will fade away. He uses their publication entitled Pasugo or "Messenger," then he tries to demolish their argument. His assistants amply supply him with audio visual aids. He uses a wide screen for a very large audience (Estimate: 40,000) scattered about the very large convention center in the Philippines. He uses artefacts in the form of documents, audio clips, still pictures, and video footages. As he exposes a false preacher, the false doctrines of the preacher are flashed on the screen as he does his analysis. The presentation style is that of a delivery of lecture with interactive part to check understanding, sandwiched throughout the two-and-a- half-hour session. It is not the usual one way sermon. The conversational type of delivery now and then is backed up with biblical verses flashed on the screen. The speaker asks questions which structures his lecture that is intentionally built for clear understanding. He speaks in a normal tone that is clearly heard with the aid of good acoustics. It is not true that it will be the end of the world when Christ comes, he says. There will still be 1,000 years. The just will rise from the grave, and those are alive who are also just will be caught up in the clouds when Christ comes (Thessalonians 4:16). This is a fulfilment of a prophecy, he says. They will be made priests and will reign for 1,000 years. As presented in Revelations 20:5, some will not resurrect until after 1,000 years. The earth will still be there. It will only be gone after the second death. (John 5:29). Now and then, the main representative reads

Close reading and analyze Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Close reading and analyze - Essay Example He tries to equate his love for him with the divine angle, Platonic love as per Greek philosophy, but lacks the support of the prerequisite of that ideal relationship as he not the boy’s mentor. Considering from the point of view of the boy also the love relationship does not pass the test. His attitude negates the practice of Platonic love. His meaningful smile is not the smile of Narcissus. Narcissus of the Greek mythology falls in love with his own image, intently stares his reflection, dies in the process and is reborn as a flower. Aschenbach’s wants to defend his position from the philosophical angle, but in the process reveals the struggle of his inner world. He tries his best to suppress his true feeling of love for Tadzio but his final submission indicates the victory of the Dionysian forces (debauchery, joy and abandon) in his mind. He is vocal about his love for Tadzio and pronounces the words â€Å"I love you† by himself, and not in the presence of Tadzio. Evil can overpower an individual at the most unsuspected moment and one’s spiritual pursuit needs to be ever vigilant. What is to be noted in this chapter is the ironic tone of narration. W ith the mention of the mythical characters, an atmosphere is created pointing towards universality of characters. Finally, Thomas Mann hints at the ill-fated love of

The Death Penalty Essay Example for Free

The Death Penalty Essay The death penalty is an interwoven controversy. The law is supposed to bring together the basic principles and purposes of society, including the recognition and protection of individual rights to life, liberty, and the security of people and property. The two separate groups of norms that are woven into the death penalty are desirable social principles and respectable moral principles. The death penalty has shown itself to be an ineffective punishment, due to the fact that, it is an immoral and anti-social practice in today’s society. It does not and will not uphold any of the basic principles that are the basis of the law in this country. This country desires revenge, and that is why we have the death penalty. Do not let people fool you with words such as justice and deterrence, because the death penalty serves neither of these purposes. The fact is, the death penalty is not a deterrent of crime, as the death penalty has been proven not to deter crime. The death penalty cannot be called moral, because taking another human life in such a fashion is not moral. Also, there is always the risk that an innocent man’s life may be taken. Now I ask you, is taking an innocent mans life moral. The discriminate way the death penalty is given to minorities is not a socially acceptable occurrence, especially in today’ s society. Last of all, the death penalty is an uneconomical practice, and wastes valuable social resources in a steady stream of court costs that seem never-ending. When you look at all these circumstances combined, it is futile to argue for the death penalty. The facts shown stand against it. In the end, the death penalty looks to be nothing but legalized murder, and there is no other solution but to execute the death penalty once and for all. Any punishment should contribute to the reduction of crime; accordingly, the punishment for a crime should not be so idle a threat or so slight a deprivation that it has no deterrent or incapacitative effects. Most of all, it certainly should not contribute to an increase in crime.(Bedau 259) Does the death penalty really deter crime. The death penalty lobby wants you to believe the answer to that question is yes. But, in fact, it is a resounding no. there is a wide consensus among Americans top criminologists that the death penalty does, or can do, little to reduce rates of criminal violence. The United States is the only Western nation that still allows the death penalty, and we also have one of the highest crime rates. During the 1980s, the death penalty states averaged an annual rate of 7.5 criminal homicides per 100,000, while abolition states averaged a rate of 7.4 per 100,000. That means that murders were actually more common in states with the death penalty. Also, in a nationwide survey of police chiefs and sheriffs, capital punishment was ranked last as a way of reducing violent crime. Only twenty-six percent thought that the death penalty significantly reduces the number of homicides. There is no hard evidence that proves the death penalty has a deterrent effect on criminal violence. Governor William Weld of Massachusetts bolsters his belief of the deterrent effect of the death penalty with data from his gut. Also, Ken Nunneley, an Alabama assistant attorney general in charge of the states capital litigation division, obtains his data from the same source. My gut tells me it has a deterrent, let me put it that way. Whether or not the or use of the death penalty is, has been, or could be a deterrent to homicide is a huge question that can not be on the basis of gut feelings. In the following research project, Michael L. Radelet and Ronald L. Akers sent out questionnaires to seventy former presidents from the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, American Society of Criminology, and the Law and Society Association. The presidents were asked to answer some general questions on the basis of your knowledge of the literature and research in criminology.The questions asked were relating to deterrence issues. When asked if they believe or feel that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder or that it lowers the murder rate. Among the sixty-four that responded to the questions, fifty-six or 87.5 percent believe the death penalty does not have a deterrent effect on possible murderers or murder rates. These results chip away at the most important justification for the death penalty.(RadeletAkers 2-3) I believe the reason the death penalty is not a deterrent, is because murderers do not examine risk/reward charts before they kill someone. If a criminal was in a rational state of mind, life imprisonment should be enough to deter them. The fact is, most criminals are not in a rational state of mind. Besides, no criminal commits a crime if he believes he will be caught. There are many moral arguments against the death penalty, that should make us think twice about our reasons for supporting it. The first is the execution of innocent people. As former Supreme Court justice Harry Blackmun said,the execution of an innocent person comes perilously close to simple murder. In fact, it is simple, and one of the most awful aspects of capital punishment. It is impossible to calculate the risk that an innocent person will be executed, but the risk is not zero, as the record of convicted, sentenced, and executed innocents shows. Since 1900, twenty-three people who we now know to be innocent have been murdered by the state. Three hundred and fifty people have been found not guilty while in death row awaiting execution. Yet, the death penalty lobby continues to support this slaughter of innocent people. The second argument is, does the government have the right to kill? Of course we all know the government has the right to self defense, such as, a policeman firing on an armed and dangerous criminal feeling on an armed and dangerous criminal. If we apply the same standards to civilians that we have for the government. A civilian has the right to shoot an intruder as he is entering his home. What if the civilian catches the intruder, incapacitates him, and has him under his control, then shooting the intruder would be considered murder. That is what capital punishment is simple murder. The next argument that I would like to address is, is there a difference between state killing and murder? The end result is the same; one more dead body, one more set of grieving parents, and one more cemetery plot. Every time we execute someone, we send a very confusing message to the American people about the value of human life. Every time we allow an execution, we as a society sink to the same level as the common killer. the people of the United states have blood on their hands, and it will stay there until we end this horrid practice. The final moral argument is that the death penalty is a cruel and unusual punishment. It is torture to keep someone locked up when they know they are waiting to be killed. To paraphrase Camus, there is no equal retribution unless the convicted felon imprisoned his victim for years, and everyday informed him the date of his death. Also, the methods of executing people have all been found to be excessively cruel. It often takes ten minutes or more for a felon to die in the electric chair. The only methods that is known not to be painful is lethal injection, about which we know very little. The death penalty is full of many abuses, but the most obvious is racial abuse. A 1990 report released by the federal governments General Accounting Office found a pattern of evidence indicating racial disparities in the charging, sentencing, and imposition of the death penalty. Professor David Baldus examined sentencing patterns in Georgia in the 1970s. After reviewing over 2,500 homicide cases in that state, controlling for nonracial factors, he concluded that a person acaccused of killing a white was 4.3 times more likely to be sentenced to death than a person accused of killing a black. Also, Stanford Law Review published a study that found similar patterns of racial disparity, based on the race of the victim, in Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Virginia. For example, in Arkansas, findings showed that defendants is a case involving a white victim were three and a half times more likely to be sentenced to death; in Illinois, four times; in North Carolina, 4.4 times; and in Mississippi, five times more likely to be sentenced to death than defendants convicted of killing blacks. The death penalty is not now, nor ever has been, a more economical alternative to life imprisonment, said Spangenberg and Walsh in an article in the Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. A study by the NY State Defenders Association showed that the cost of capital trial alone is more than double the cost of life imprisonment. In Maryland, a comparison of capital trial costs with and without the death penalty for the years 1979-1984 concluded that a death penalty case costs approximately forty-two percent more than a case resulting in a non-death sentence, according to the federal governments Accounting Office. In 1988 and 1989 the Kansas legislature voted Against reinstating the death penalty after it was informed that reintroduction would involve a first year cost of more than eleven million dollars. All these facts summed up show that the death penalty is not for America. All it does is bring down our morale and our dignity. It shows that we have no respect for human life, just like murderers. I hope that someone will read my essay and put the death penalty to sleep for good.

A Sample and Critique of psi Research :: Telepathy Precognition Psychic Papers

"Do you remember how electrical currents and 'unseen waves' were laughed at? The knowledge about man is still in its infancy." - Albert Einstein Introduction Perception of future events (precognition), communication through thoughts (telepathy), material manipulation without physical contact (telekinesis), sight of an object or place millions of miles away with enough accuracy to draw it (remote viewing) – these are a few cases of what is referred to as "psi phenomena," also known as parapsychological or psychic phenomena. "Psi" refers to "anomalous processes of energy or information transfer... that are currently unexplained in terms of known physical or biological mechanisms."(1) Long dismissed by scientists and other skeptics all over the world, these occurrences are often attributed to trickery, hallucination, lying, chance, and even spiritual influence. Claims of psychic ability come from many varied sources. From the friend who has premonitory dreams and the dog who knows when the master has decided to come home, to the glamorous astrologer with a 900-number and the clairvoyant with a TV show, stories of paranormal abilities range from personal and thought-provoking to distant and Hollywood-esque. Are these things really possible? What does the scientific community actually know about these phenomena? Ultimately, one must ask the question, what can the scientific community know about these phenomena? This paper is intended to provide a small sample and critique of the available scientific research on these unexplained and often dismissed phenomena. The examples which form this review are: research on unexplained phenomena not associated with "psychic" individuals, large-scale research centering on many individuals with "psychic talent," and an investigation of the claimed abilities of a single internationally celebrated "psychic." Despite the historical and prevalent stigma and sensationalization associated with this field, many respected educational establishments have laboratories involved in the research of psi. The Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research program, instituted in 1979 to investigate mind-matter interactions (2); the Parapsychological Association, a 1957 offshoot of the Duke Laboratory (3); the Koestler Parapsychology Unit at the University of Edinburgh (4); and Stanford University's 1946 endeavor, Stanford Research Institute are four of these. It should be noted that Stanford Research Institute separated from the university in 1970, and became SRI International. (5) Examples Impersonal phenomena If a person is asked to identify the color of a rectangle, and is subsequently asked to read a randomly generated color name, it is well-known that a matching color name will be called out faster than a mismatching color name.